A new study aims, for the first time, to pinpoint the very moment the immune system recognizes a tumour to try to stop the disease earlier than previously possible.
A new study aims, for the first time, to pinpoint the very moment the immune system recognizes a tumour to try to stop the disease earlier than previously possible.
This research has the potential to give an entirely new perspective on the role of the immune system in cancer progression
Heather Machado
Currently cancer is usually diagnosed when tumours are already developed requiring, often significant, treatment to remove them and prevent further growth.
However, a research team at the University of Cambridge will receive over £1.5m from Cancer Research UK over the next six years to investigate how the immune system evolves, targets and kills cancer cells as tumours are developing.
They hope by detecting the trigger point when our own body starts to recognize cancerous cells, it may help find a way to spark our own immune system into action so it kills cancer cells before tumours can even begin.
This could vastly reduce the amount of treatment people diagnosed with cancer require, which can often have significant side effects. The pioneering work could benefit millions of cancer patients before the disease becomes life-threatening or spreads.
Dr Heather Machado is leading a team of scientists at the Department of Pathology, looking at the body's immune system's ability to fight cancer. Dr Machado’s work on T cells – part of the immune system which fight infection and disease, including cancer – will provide an insight into how long before a diagnosis these cells recognize and respond to cancer.
The study will specifically examine how T cells respond to cancer when they first recognise and respond to a tumour in the kidneys or the liver.
The breakthrough study has the potential to unlock the mystery as to how our immune cells work to fight cancer.
Dr Machado said: “Using mutations that naturally accumulate in each of our cells as we age, we can essentially build a family tree of T-cells, and this family tree has information about when T-cells met cancer for the first time. This research is only now possible as a result of advancements in DNA sequencing technology.
“This research has the potential to give an entirely new perspective on the role of the immune system in cancer progression, findings that we hope to use to further improve lifesaving cancer immunotherapies.”
Her aim is to see if they could lead to specific immunotherapy treatments and ways of detecting the cancer earlier.
She added: “Most cancers are diagnosed years or decades after early tumour development, which can often be too late. Our methods will allow us to go back in the cancer’s timeline to understand the immune response in these early stages of cancer development. Beyond improving immunotherapies, we hope that this understanding helps us detect cancer earlier, at stages where survival rates are much higher.”
The body’s immune system is the first line of defence against cancer but previously it has been difficult to observe this early response in humans.
Dr Machado will use genome sequencing which determines the genetic makeup of an organism to study how a tumour and the immune cells co-evolve over the course of tumour development.
She will time T cell clonal expansions using evolutionary trees built from the genomes of individual T cells, exploiting recent advancements in single-cell whole genome sequencing. Dr Machado will then perform these experiments using early-stage kidney and liver cancer resections and by sampling throughout the course of immunotherapy in metastatic kidney cancer.”
She added: “The study is believed to be the first of its kind in the world and it has the potential to be groundbreaking research as we have never been able to examine these evolutionary dynamics in humans before. How long before a tumour is diagnosed has the immune system been responding is an incredibly hard problem to solve because these immune dynamics play out years prior to diagnosis.
“Normal cells evolve into tumours, and we are blind to much of that process and yet the immune system is one of our best tools for fighting cancer.
Dr Machado studied for her PhD at Stanford University and completed her post doctorate research at the Wellcome Sanger Institute in Hinxton, UK. She added: “We are using cutting edge technology that is only available now and we are going to be able to discover how the immune system responds to tumours unlike we have ever seen before and that, is potentially life changing in terms of improving immunotherapies for better health and patient prognosis.”
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Adapted from a press release from Cancer Research UK
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