A ‘brain training’ app developed at the University of Cambridge could help people who suffer from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) manage their symptoms, which may typically include excessive handwashing and contamination fears.
A ‘brain training’ app developed at the University of Cambridge could help people who suffer from obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) manage their symptoms, which may typically include excessive handwashing and contamination fears.
This technology will allow people to gain help at any time within the environment where they live or work, rather than having to wait for appointments
Barbara Sahakian
In a study published in the journal Scientific Reports, Baland Jalal and Professor Barbara Sahakian from the Department of Psychiatry, show how just one week of training can lead to significant improvements.
One of the most common types of OCD, affecting up to 46% of OCD patients, is characterised by severe contamination fears and excessive washing behaviour. Excessive washing can be harmful as sometimes OCD patients use spirits, surface cleansers or even bleach to clean their hands. The behaviours can have a serious impact on people’s lives, their mental health, their relationships and their ability to hold down jobs.
This repetitive and compulsive behaviour is also associated with ‘cognitive rigidity’ – in other words, an inability to adapt to new situations or new rules. Breaking out of compulsive habits, such as handwashing, requires cognitive flexibility so that the OCD patient can switch to new activities instead.
OCD is treated using a combination of medication such as Prozac and a form of cognitive behavioural therapy (‘talking therapy’) termed ‘exposure and response prevention’. This latter therapy often involves instructing OCD patients to touch contaminated surfaces, such as a toilet, but to refrain from then washing their hands.
These treatments are not particularly effective, however – as many as 40% of patients fail to show a good response to either treatment. This may be in part because often people with OCD have suffered for years prior to receiving a diagnosis and treatment. Another difficulty is that patients may fail to attend exposure and response prevention therapy as they find it too stressful to undertake.
For these reasons, Cambridge researchers developed a new treatment to help people with contamination fears and excessive washing. The intervention, which can be delivered through a smartphone app, involves patients watching videos of themselves washing their hands or touching fake contaminated surfaces.
Ninety-three healthy people who had indicated strong contamination fears as measured by high scores on the ‘Padua Inventory Contamination Fear Subscale’ participated in the study. The researchers used healthy volunteers rather than OCD patients in their study to ensure that the intervention did not potentially worsen symptoms.
The participants were divided into three groups: the first group watched videos on their smartphones of themselves washing their hands; the second group watched similar videos but of themselves touching fake contaminated surfaces; and the third, control group watched themselves making neutral hand movements on their smartphones.
After only one week of viewing their brief 30 second videos four times a day, participants from both of the first two groups – that is, those who had watched the hand washing video and those with the exposure and response prevention video – improved in terms of reductions in OCD symptoms and showed greater cognitive flexibility compared with the neutral control group. On average, participants in the first two groups saw their Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale (YBOCS) scores improve by around 21%. YBOCS scores are the most widely used clinical assessments for assessing the severity of OCD.
Importantly, completion rates for the study were excellent – all participants completed the one-week intervention, with participants viewing their video an average (mean) of 25 out of 28 times.
Mr Jalal said: “Participants told us that the smartphone washing app allowed them to easily engage in their daily activities. For example, one participant said ‘if I am commuting on the bus and touch something contaminated and can’t wash my hands for the next two hours, the app would be a sufficient substitute’.”
Professor Sahakian said: “This technology will allow people to gain help at any time within the environment where they live or work, rather than having to wait for appointments. The use of smartphone videos allows the treatment to be personalised to the individual.
“These results while very exciting and encouraging, require further research, examining the use of these smartphone interventions in people with a diagnosis of OCD.”
The smartphone app is not currently available for public use. Further research is required before the researchers can show conclusively that it is effective at helping patients with OCD.
The research was funded by the Wellcome Trust, NIHR Cambridge Biomedical Research Centre, the Medical Research Council and the Wallitt Foundation.
Reference
Baland Jalal, Annette Bruhl, Claire O’Callaghan, Thomas Piercy, Rudolf N. Cardinal, Vilayanur S. Ramachandran and Barbara J. Sahakian. Novel smartphone interventions improve cognitive flexibility and obsessive-compulsive disorder symptoms in individuals with contamination fears. Scientific Reports; 23 Oct 2018; DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33142-2
Researcher profile: Baland Jalal
“Cambridge is the perfect place for the ‘idealistic scholar’ – those who believe they can re-write the science textbooks. The culture—like no other—embraces novel ideas, even if outlandish and far-fetched on the surface,” says Baland Jalal, a neuroscientist at the Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute and PhD candidate at Trinity College.
“It is no coincidence that the foremost scientists in history have stepped foot here, including my scientific hero Newton. One cannot help but feel inspired, as if part of a lineage of greatness—‘standing on the shoulder of giants’.”
Jalal considers himself fortunate to have been able to stand on the shoulders of proverbial giants throughout his research career. He received his initial training at the University of California in the laboratory of legendary neuroscientist VS Ramachandran.
“California was an enchanting experience. Rama and I would often go for long strolls on San Diego’s beaches where he would tell mesmerizing stories about the good-old-days when he was a Cambridge student and how he later invented his famous ‘mirror box’ for phantom limb pain. He was like a second father – a mentor who instilled in me a genuine love of science.”
Jalal now works with husband-and-wife team Professors Barbara Sahakian and Trevor Robbins, who he describes as embodying “the ‘Cambridge spirit’ of innovation”. His work is ultimately about developed new psychiatric treatments. “This often involves taking an unorthodox and somewhat radical approach—thinking ‘outside the box’ so to speak,” he says. Ideas include the above treatment for OCD and a second treatment based on the ‘rubber hand illusion’, making a fake hand feel like it is your own.
His other area of interest is in sleep paralysis—being paralyzed from head to toe while seeing ghosts and space aliens when waking up from sleep. He has studied this peculiar phenomenon around the world and recently invented a novel meditation-relaxation therapy for this condition, called MR Therapy.
“I hope my research will lead to new therapies that can help people in distress around the world - especially folks in low-income countries who don’t have adequate access to health care. The feeling I have when someone tells me that my work has helped alleviate their anguish is – simply – indescribable.”
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