The Lost Words

First there was the finding that British primary school children were more at ease naming their favourite Pokémon character than they were at naming a hare, a deer or an oak tree.

Then there were the revisions to a new edition of the Oxford Junior Dictionary: out went everyday nature words like acorn, bluebell and kingfisher, no longer used enough by children to merit inclusion; in came attachment, broadband, voice-mail, reflecting today’s tech-savvy child who is more at home on the internet than they are in the woods.

Fascinated and concerned by these changes, Dr Robert Macfarlane began to wonder about the relationship between childhood and the living world. His thoughts turned into The Lost Words, a book beautifully illustrated by artist Jackie Morris – a book that summons the magic of nature to help children find, love and protect the natural world.

“What we might call the ‘nature of childhood’ has changed dramatically in Britain over recent decades,” says Macfarlane, a Reader in Environmental Humanities in Cambridge University's Faculty of English.

“Online culture has boomed, screen time has soared and the ‘roaming range’ within which children can play and stray unsupervised has shrunk by more than 90% in 40 years amid parental fears about traffic, ‘stranger danger’ and the pressure of school work.”

After Macfarlane read the ‘Pokémon paper’ (a study published in Science in 2002 by Professor Andrew Balmford from Cambridge’s Department of Zoology), he started to gather other evidence of a loss of ‘nature-literacy’. A National Trust survey, for instance, showed that half of children couldn’t tell the difference between a wasp and a bee, yet almost all could name a Dalek; and a three-year RSPB research project found only one in five children in Britain are ‘positively connected to nature’.

To wish for the restoration of this ‘positive connection’ is not to lament a “lost golden age”, says Macfarlane, or to favour nature to the exclusion of technology, “rather it is to engage with much broader inequalities within society, and to seek to increase both what is good for nature and what is good for children.”

A report by the National Trust on Natural Childhood in 2012 set out compelling evidence that a decline in childhood wellbeing and mental health and an increase in obesity rates are just some of the costs of a generational decline in having freedom outdoors.

“It is not just children who need nature; nature needs children too.”

National Trust report 'Natural Childhood'

“Just as nature’s names are vanishing from the language of children, nature itself is vanishing. Forgetting is an easy way to lose things – as each generation becomes more at ease with less nature, we forget what it is that we’ve lost,” says Macfarlane. “Keeping everyday nature alive in the words and stories of children in particular – who are the ones who will grow up and decide what to save and what to lose – seems to me vital.”

And so Macfarlane and artist illustrator Jackie Morris embarked on The Lost Words, a ‘spell book’ they hoped might help close the gap between childhood and nature in Britain.

“At the book’s heart was a very simple idea,” he explains. “We’d take 20 names for 20 common animals and plants in the British landscape and then, through ‘spells’ that might be spoken and the beauty of painted images, we would try to summon back those plants and animals into the minds of children.”

The result is both enchanting and hopeful. For each name, Morris would first paint its ‘absence’ –the suckers of an ivy trail without the ivy, the ripple of water reflecting the blue-green of a missing kingfisher, the puddling droplets shaken from an omitted otter.

Readers then turn the page to find ‘spells’ – the first letter of each line spelling out the missing name, and the words and images summoning the character of each creature. The otter is a slippery shape-shifting underwater thunderbolter; the marching bramble is snarling cars and stealing through keyholes.

“The otter-spell slipped into my skull while I was walking over the Cairngorms with my father,” writes Macfarlane in The Guardian. “The willow-spell arrived on the towpath of the River Lea, tramping the unglamorous bank-miles between Broxbourne and Tottenham Hale. The first line of the newt-spell came while I was in the checkout queue at Sainsbury’s.”

It’s a book to thrill the lover of words, rich with the influences of Gerard Manley Hopkins, Dorothy Wordsworth and the metaphorical nature of Old English kennings – the adder has sine-wave swerves, ivy scales are like sky-wire, the kingfisher is colour-giver, fire-bringer, flame-flicker, river’s quiver.

The relationship between naming, knowing and nature has long interested Macfarlane. The Lost Words grew out of research for his book Landmarks (2015), which examined the work of a dozen British and American writers of place, and gathered and organised over 2,000 terms for nature, landscape, creatures and weather from more than 30 languages, dialects and sub-dialects of Britain and Ireland. The book ended with a chapter called ‘Childish’, about the relationship of childhood and nature.

In the opening pages of Landmarks, Macfarlane gives the example of the Oxford Junior Dictionary’s ‘lost words’,which prompted Morris to contact him. “She wanted to see if we could do something hopeful and powerful to address ‘nature deficit’ among children in particular,” he explains. ‘Protest can be beautiful’, she said to me – and in her art, that is certainly true.”

Only a year after publication, the book had won two literary prizes and been translated into several languages. It’s been described by The Guardian as “a cultural phenomenon” and by the naturalist and presenter Chris Packham as a “revolution”. The book has been adapted for film, a choral work, a folk album, classical concerts and outdoor theatre; it’s been embroidered in braille and painted on hospital walls. “Certainly, it’s been an odd and exciting thing to be part of,” says Macfarlane.

Perhaps the most surprising and moving experience for Macfarlane and Morris has been the crowdfunding initiatives that have sprung up after Jane Beaton, a school bus driver from Stirling, raised £25,000 to give the book to all 2,681 schools in Scotland.

In London, The Big Green Bookshop took only four days to raise enough funds to donate a book to the primary schools in the London Borough of Haringey.

As a result of fundraising campaigns, the book has been donated to all schools in Scotland and Greater London, and 21 English and 3 Welsh counties, plus 220 hospices in Britain, to support the health and wellbeing of adults.

“With each campaign, we hear about how the book has been used with the children, and the work and conservation action it has inspired in communities,” says Macfarlane, writing in The Guardian: “Access to nature is hugely unevenly distributed across the population, with class, income and ethnicity playing strong determining roles. Most of these organisations [like the John Muir Trust, which has provided free teacher packs on literacy and outdoor activities to go with the book] specifically aim to help children at risk of social exclusion, or who are otherwise unlikely to reach green places.”

A proportion of proceeds from each copy of The Lost Words is being given to one such organisation, Action for Conservation.

Above all, The Lost Words aims to inspire children to love, benefit from and protect the natural world – “to seek, find and speak” it in the pages of the book and in the universe of their landscapes. Macfarlane writes in the book’s foreword of an‘old, strong magic’, whereby things are never truly lost if they can be conjured back into the mouths and mind’s eyes of children.

_{The Lost Words (2017) is published by Hamish Hamilton}

_{All images credit: Robert Macfarlane and Jackie Morris, The Lost Words (2017), Hamish Hamilton}